Polynomials

Expanding Brackets

There are different types of brackets that you will need to expand. For each, you need to use the FOIL method that you will have seen in GCSE Maths. Here are some examples:

Single Brackets

$textcolor{limegreen}{a}(x+y+z) = textcolor{limegreen}{a}x + textcolor{limegreen}{a}y + textcolor{limegreen}{a}z$

Double brackets

$(textcolor{limegreen}{a}+textcolor{blue}{b})(x+y) = textcolor{limegreen}{a}x + textcolor{limegreen}{a}y + textcolor{blue}{b}x + textcolor{blue}{b}y$

Squared Brackets

$(textcolor{limegreen}{a}+textcolor{blue}{b})^2 = a^2 + ab + ab + b^2 = textcolor{limegreen}{a}^2 + 2textcolor{limegreen}{a}textcolor{blue}{b} + textcolor{blue}{b}^2$

Difference of Two Squares

$(textcolor{limegreen}{a}+textcolor{blue}{b})(textcolor{limegreen}{a}-textcolor{blue}{b}) = a^2 – ab + ab – b^2 = textcolor{limegreen}{a}^2 – textcolor{blue}{b}^2$

Longer Brackets

$(textcolor{limegreen}{a}+textcolor{blue}{b}+textcolor{orange}{c})(w+x+y+z) = textcolor{limegreen}{a}(w+x+y+z) + textcolor{blue}{b}(w+x+y+z) + textcolor{orange}{c}(w+x+y+z)$

You then multiply out each bracket in the same way for single brackets.

Simplifying Expressions

A number, bracket or variable that is in each term of an expression is a common factor. You can take common factors outside a bracket.

Example: Simplify $x(x+2)(x-3) + x^2 (x+2) – x(x+2)$ fully.

$textcolor{red}{x}$ is in each term of the expression, so we can take this out as a common factor

$textcolor{red}{x} left[(x+2)(x-3) + x(x+2) – (x+2) right]$

Also, $textcolor{blue}{(x+2)}$ is a common factor:

$textcolor{red}{x}textcolor{blue}{(x+2)} left[x – 3 + x – 1 right]$

We can then simplify the terms inside the square brackets:

$textcolor{red}{x}textcolor{blue}{(x+2)}textcolor{black}{(2x-4)}$

Factorising Quadratics ($a=1$)

Factorising quadratics of the form $ax^2+bx+c$ when $a=1$ is fairly straightforward.

Example: Factorise the following quadratic: $x^2textcolor{blue}{-7}x+textcolor{red}{12}$

Step 1: Firstly, write two brackets with an $x$ placed at the start each bracket.

$(x,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,) (x,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,)$

Step 2: $b$ is negative and $c$ is positive, so both numbers in the brackets will need to be negative.

Step 3: Find two numbers which multiply to make $textcolor{red}{12}$ and add or subtract to make $textcolor{blue}{-7}$

We know both numbers will be negative:

$-3 times -4 = textcolor{red}{12}$

$-3 + -4= textcolor{blue}{-7}$

Finally, add these numbers to the brackets:

$textcolor{black}{(x-3) (x-4)}$

Factorising Quadratics ($a> 1$)

It becomes a little trickier when factorising quadratics of the form $ax^2+bx+c$ where $a>1$.

Example: Factorise the following quadratic: $4x^2-textcolor{blue}{11x}textcolor{red}{-3}$

Step 1: When $a>1$ it makes factorising more complicated. It is not immediately obvious what the coefficient of each $x$ term should be. Here, there are two possible options:

$(4x kern{1 cm} ) (x  kern{1 cm} )$   or   $(2x kern{1 cm} ) (2x  kern{1 cm} )$

Step 2: $c$ is negative, so one bracket will contain a $+$ and the other a $–$

There are two options to place the $+$ and $–$ for the brackets containing $4x$ and $x$, and one option for the brackets containing $2x$, since putting the symbols the other way round would give the same result.

$begin{aligned}(4x kern{0.4 cm} +kern{0.4 cm} )&(x  kern{0.4 cm}-kern{0.4 cm} ) (4x kern{0.4 cm} -kern{0.4 cm} )&(x  kern{0.4 cm}+kern{0.4 cm} )(2x kern{0.4 cm}+kern{0.4 cm} )&(2x kern{0.35 cm}-kern{0.35 cm})end{aligned}$

Step 3: We need to find two numbers which multiply to make $textcolor{red}{-3}$

$-3 times 1 = -3$   or   $-1 times 3$

Step 4: We need to find a combination which when added or subtracted gives $textcolor{blue}{-11x}$

We can try the $6$ possibilities:

$begin{aligned} textcolor{black}{(4x+1)(x-3)} &= textcolor{black}{4x^2 – 11x -3} (4x+3)(x-1) &= 4x^2 – x -3 (4x-3)(x+1) &= 4x^2 +x -3 (4x-1)(x+3) &= 4x^2 + 11x -3 (2x+1)(2x-3) &= 4x^2 -4x -3 (2x+3)(2x-1) &= 4x^2 +4x -3 end{aligned}$

$textcolor{black}{(4x+1) (x-3)}$ gives the correct expansion, so this is the answer.